SyntheticMetals184 (2013) 10–15
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SyntheticMetals
journalhomepage:m.kkreddy.com(G.Li),penghongrui@qust.edu.cn(H.Peng).
fallingpHpolymerization[15].Nevertheless,theirpoorstabilityandratecapabilityneedtobefurtherenhancedbecausetheconju-gatedbackboneofPANIusuallyundergoesswellingandshrinkageduringthecharge/dischargeprocess,thusleadingtoaggravationofelectricalconductivityandsharplydecayofcapacitance[16].
Toalleviatethislimitation,thecombinationofPANIwithcar-bonmaterials,suchascarbongel,graphite,mesoporouscarbon,carbonnanotubes,andcarbonnano?bers[16–19]hasbeenprovedtoreinforcethestabilityofPANIaswellasmaximizethecapaci-tancevalue.However,therelativepoorconductivityofthecarbonbasedmesoporousmaterialsandthehighcostofthecarbonnano-tubesandcarbonnano?bersrestricttheirpracticalapplications[20].Graphene,atwo-dimensionalmonolayerhexagonallatticeofsp2-bondedcarbonatoms,hasultrahighmechanicalstrength,highspeci?carea,excellentelectricalconductivities,chemistrysta-bility,andlowmanufacturingcost[21,22].ThesefeaturesmakegrapheneanidealsupportforPANItoimprovechargetransferkinetics.Therefore,ithasactualfeasibilitytoproduceakindofelectrodematerialswithhighpowerdensity,energydensity,andgoodstabilitybycombiningtheadvantagesofbothgrapheneandPANI[23–30].Tremendouseffortshavebeenmadeonthesynthe-sisofPANI/graphenecompositeelectrodematerialsbydifferentmethods,suchasinsituchemical,electrochemicalorcovalentgraftpolymerizationongraphenesurfaces,andvacuum?ltration.Ingeneral,theusedgraphenearemainlyachievedbythermalreductionorchemicalreductionofgrapheneoxide(GO)usingharshreducingagentssuchashydrazinemonohydrate.However,thereducedGOoftensuffersfromirreversibleagglomerationand
0379-6779/$–seefrontmatter? 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.09.016
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